Third Eye Vision

China has the quantum technology to perfectly encrypt useful signals over distances far vaster than anyone has ever accomplished, spanning Europe and Asia, according to a stunning new research letter.

Bits of information, or signals, pass through people's houses, the skies overhead and the flesh of human bodies every second of every day. They're television signals and radio, as well as private phone calls and data files.

Some of these signals are public, but most are private — encrypted with long strings of numbers known (presumably) only to the senders and receivers. Those keys are powerful enough to keep the secrets of modern society: flirty text messages, bank-account numbers and the passwords to covert databases. But they're brittle. A sufficiently determined person, wielding a sufficiently powerful computer, could break them.

"Historically, every advance in cryptography has been defeated by advances in cracking technology," Jian-Wei Pan, a researcher at the University of Science and Technology of China and author on this research letter, wrote in an email. "Quantum key distribution ends this battle."

Quantum keys are long strings of numbers — keys for opening encrypted files just like the ones used in modern computers — but they're encoded in the physical states of quantum particles. That means they are protected not only by the limits of computers but the laws of physics.

Quantum keys cannot be copied. They can encrypt transmissions between otherwise classical computers. And no one can steal them — a law of quantum mechanics states that once a subatomic particle is observed, poof, it's altered — without alerting the sender and receiver to the dirty trick. [What's That? Your Physics Questions Answered]

And now, according to a new letter due for publication today (Jan. 19) in the journal Physical Review Letters, quantum keys can travel via satellite, encrypting messages sent between cities thousands of miles apart.

The researchers quantum-encrypted images by encoding them as strings of numbers based on the quantum states of photons and sent them across distances of up to 4,722 miles (7,600 kilometers) between Beijing and Vienna — shattering the previous record of 251 miles (404 km), also set in China. Then, for good measure, on Sept. 29, 2017, they held a 75-minute videoconference between researchers in the two cities, also encrypted via quantum key. (This videoconference was announced previously, but the full details of the experiment were reported in this new letter.)

The satellite
This long-distance quantum-key distribution is yet another achievement of the Chinese satellite Micius, which was responsible for smashing a number of quantum-networking records in 2017. Micius is a powerful photon relay and detector. Launched into low Earth orbit in 2016, it uses its fine lasers and detectors to send and receive packets of quantum information — basically, information about the quantum state of a photon — across vast stretches of space and atmosphere.

"Micius is the brightest star in the sky when it is passing over the station," Pan wrote to Live Science. "The star is [as] green as the beacon laser [that Micius uses to aim photons at the ground]. If there is some dust in the air, you will [also] see a red light line pointing to the satellite. No sound comes from space. Maybe there are some raised by the movement of the ground station."

Just about any time Micius does anything, it blows previous records out of the water. That's because previous quantum networks have relied on passing photons around on the ground, using the air between buildings or fiber optic cables. And there are limits to line-of-sight on the ground, or how far a fiber-optic cable will transfer a photon without losing it.

In June 2017, Micius researchers announced that they had sent two "entangled" photons to ground stations 745 miles (1,200 km) apart. (When a pair of photons gets entangled, they affect each other even when separated by large distances.) A month later, in July, they announced that they had teleported a packet of quantum information 870 miles (1,400 km) from Tibet into orbit, meaning the quantum state of a particle had been beamed directly from a particle on the ground to its twin in space.

Both of these achievements were major steps on the road to real-world quantum-key-encrypted networks.

The new letter announces that the theory has been put into action.

Micius first encrypted two photos, a small image of the Micius satellite itself, then a photo of the early quantum physicist Erwin Schrödinger. Then it encrypted that long video call. No similar act of quantum-key distribution has ever been achieved over that kind of distance.

Already, Pan said, Micius is ready to use to encrypt more important information.

How does a quantum key work?
Quantum-key distribution is essentially a creative application of the so-called Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, one of the foundational principles of quantum mechanics. As Live Science has previously reported, the uncertainty principle states that it's impossible to fully know the quantum state of a particle — and, crucially, that in observing part of that state, a detector forever wipes out the other relevant information that particle contains.

That principle turns out to be very useful for encoding information. As the Belgian cryptographer Gilles Van Assche wrote in his 2006 book "Quantum Cryptography and Secret-Key Distillation," a sender and receiver can use the quantum states of particles to generate strings of numbers. A computer can then use those strings to encrypt some bit of information, like a video or a text, which it then sends over a classical relay like the internet connection you're using to read this article.

But it doesn't send the encryption key over that relay. Instead, it sends those particles across a separate quantum network, Van Assche wrote.

In the case of Micius, that means sending photons, one at a time, through the atmosphere. The receiver can then read the quantum states of those photons to determine the quantum key and use that key to decrypt the classical message. [Album: The World's Most Beautiful Equations]

If anyone else tried to intercept that message, though, they would leave telltale signs — missing packets of the key that never made it to the sender.

Of course, no network is perfect, especially not one based on shooting information for individual photos across miles of space. As the Micius researchers wrote, the networks typically loses 1 or 2 percent of their key on a clear day. But that's well within what Micius and the base station can work together to edit out of the key, using some fancy mathematics. Even if an attacker did intercept and wreck a much larger chunk of the transmission, whatever they didn't catch would still be clean — shorter, but perfectly secure enough to encrypt transmissions in a pinch. [How Quantum Entanglement Works (Infographic)]

The connection between Micius and Earth isn't perfectly secure yet, however. As the team of Chinese and Austrian authors wrote, the flaw in the network design is the satellite itself. Right now, base stations in each linked city receive different quantum keys from the satellite, which are multiplied together and then disentangled. That system works fine, as long as the communicators trust that no secret squad of nefarious astronauts has broken into Micius itself to read the quantum key at the source. The next step toward truly perfect security, they wrote, is to distribute quantum keys from satellites via entangled photons — keys the satellites would manufacture and distribute, but never themselves be able to read.

In time, the researchers wrote, they plan to launch more quantum satellites into higher orbits — satellites that will communicate with one another and with researchers on Earth in ever-more-complex webs.

This slowly spreading, ever-more-practical quantum network will first be built for China and Europe, they wrote, "and then on a global scale."

Originally published on Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/61474-micius-china-quantum-key-intercontinental.html?utm_source=notification

Two scientists in Austria and China have held the first intercontinental video conference to have been encrypted using quantum technology.

In the Alice in Wonderland world of the incredibly small, things can be in two places at once, merely looking at a particle can alter its twin on the other side of the universe at the same time, and theoretical cats can be both alive and dead.

This sounds almost unbelievably odd but the physics that explains it has some important real-world implications.

And one of those is encrypting communication so there is no chance of anyone – be they hackers, spies or the security services – eavesdropping on private conversations.

READ MORE
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China uses 'quantum entanglement' to send messages using satellite
A statement issued by the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported that its president, Chunli Bai, had held a video conversation with his counterpart at the Austria Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Anton Zeilinger, in the “first real-world demonstration of intercontinental quantum communication”.

“Private and secure communications are fundamental human needs,” the statement said.

“In particular, with the exponential growth of Internet use and e-commerce, it is of paramount importance to establish a secure network with global protection of data.

“Traditional public key cryptography usually relies on the perceived computational intractability of certain mathematical functions.

Scientists bring ‘nonsensical’ quantum physics into real world
“In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta (single photon) in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional security between distant parties.”

Technical reasons had previously limited such conversations to distances of a few hundred kilometres, the academy said, but they had found a “promising solution to this problem” involving a “sophisticated satellite, named Micius”.

It is equipped with “a decoy-state QKD transmitter, an entangled-photon source, and a quantum teleportation receiver and analyser”. Five ground stations have also been built in China and Tibet.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/quantum-encryption-technology-intercontinental-video-conference-worlds-first-scientists-china-a7973696.html

Scientists bring ‘nonsensical’ quantum physics into the real world for the first time
By freezing a drum just large enough to be seen by the naked eye to close to absolute zero, researchers were able to see glimpses of quantum effects normally confined to the world of atoms.

In the Alice in Wonderland world of the atomically small, things can be in two places at once, merely looking at a particle can alter a twin on the other side of the universe apparently instantaneously, and theoretical cats can be both alive and dead.

Certainty is also somehow replaced by chance, an idea that once moved a somewhat vexed Albert Einstein to famously say: “God doesn’t play dice with the universe.”

Such strange, almost magical effects have always been confined to the world of photons and atoms – until now.

In the journal Nature, scientists at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Colorado reported the first “glimpses” of quantum effects, as they are known, happening on a scale just large enough to be seen by the human eye.

It is a breakthrough that could have significant implications for attempts to create quantum computers that are many millions of times faster than the current machines.

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One of the researchers, Dr John Teufel, told the Independent: “I think we’re in an extremely exciting time where this technology we have available gives us access to things people have been talking about as thought experiments for decades.

“Just now what’s exciting is we can go into the laboratory and actually witness these quantum effects.”

The way they achieved this sounds almost as strange as the quantum mechanics itself.

A tiny aluminium drum, about the diameter of a “very skinny hair”, was cooled to only fractionally above absolute zero, which at minus 273.15 degrees Celsius or zero Kelvin is the lowest possible temperature, using microwave light.

Irrational decisions 'might be the result of quantum theory'
While shining a light on something might normally be expected to heat it up, in this case it actually "steals" energy from the drum as it vibrates.

Previously there was thought to be a limit to how far this cooling could go, because light photons hitting an object also have a heating effect.

But the NIST team were able to “squeeze” the light, Dr Teufel said, so “all the photons know about each other”.

This enabled them to cool the drum to a point that was previously believed to be theoretically impossible.

It is hard to express the temperature in Celsius because it is so cold, but standard microwave-cooling method enabled the researcher to get the drum to within a few hundred microKelvin of absolute zero or 0.4 quanta. And the new light-squeezing technique then enabled them to reduce the temperature further to just 0.19 quanta. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/quantum-physics-mechanics-effects-scale-visible-eye-nist-study-journal-nature-a7524621.html

'Angel particle’ which is both matter and anti-matter discovered in ‘landmark’ quantum physics breakthrough
Scientists say they have found the first evidence that 'Majorana fermions' exist, 80 years after they were first suggested
Physicists believe they have discovered a particle that is both matter and anti-matter, an idea that was first theorised 80 years ago.

When the Big Bang created the universe out of nothing, scientists believe the explosion created equal amounts of matter and anti-matter.

And, if they were ever to meet, they would annihilate each other – returning to ‘nothing’ apart from a burst of energy.

However, in 1937 an Italian theoretical physicist, Ettore Majorana, predicted the existence of a strange class of particles called fermions that were their own anti-particles.

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And now, in an article in the prestigious journal Science, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, and Stanford University reported they had found the first evidence of just such an object, which they dubbed the “Angel Particle” after Dan Brown’s thriller Angels and Demons which involves a bomb made from a combination of matter and anti-matter.

Professor Shoucheng Zhang, a Standford University physicist, said: “Our team predicted exactly where to find the Majorana fermion and what to look for as its ‘smoking gun’ experimental signature.

“This discovery concludes one of the most intensive searches in fundamental physics, which spanned exactly 80 years.”

It is thought the existence of fermions could be used to help bring about the technological revolution promised by quantum computers, which are many times more powerful than existing machines.

One problem that has limited their development has been they must be insulated from environmental noise.

It is thought a single qubit, or quantum bit, of information could be stored in two separate Majorana fermions. So even if the interference affected information in one, the other would almost certainly keep it safe.

Professor Kang Wang, of UCLA, said: “Imagine that bits of data in standard computers are like cars traveling both ways on two-lane highways.

“A quantum computer could have many lanes and many levels of ‘traffic’, and the cars could hop between levels and travel in both directions at the same time, in every lane and on every level.

"We need stable, armoured quantum ‘cars’ to do this and the Majorana particles are those supercars.”

Other scientists hailed the research as a breakthrough.

“It does seem to be a really clean observation of something new,” said Professor Frank Wilczek, a theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“It’s not fundamentally surprising, because physicists have thought for a long time that Majorana fermions could arise out of the types of materials used in this experiment.



The Captain needs the following data analyzed with a follow up report (this is a key piece to something needed) It was originally posted in Italian, translated by google translate below the original text but it seems incomplete, any additional information tabulated from this will be extremely helpful:

DE CANIBUS
COLUMELLA

"DEll'AGRICOLTURA" Libro settimo


I° sec. d. C.

XII. IL CANE.


Degli armenti, di tutti gli animali e dei custodi, per mezzo dei quali la solerzia umana cura nel chiuso o fuori i greggi di quadrupedi, mi sembra se non sbaglio di aver discorso abbastanza compiutamente. Ora come ho promesso nel libro precedente, parlerò dei guardiani silenziosi,

quantunque sia errato chiamare il cane guardiano silenzioso.

Qual'è l'uomo che denuncia tanto chiaramente come fa il cane con il latrato, o con altrettanto volume di voce, la presenza di un animale selvatico o di un ladro? Quale servo è più affezionato al padrone? Chi gli è compagno più fedele? Dove è un custode più incorruttibile? Quale sentinella più vigilante si può trovare? Quale vendicatore è punitore più costante? Perciò si può dire che questo è uno dei primi animali che l'agricoltore deve comprare e allevare, perché custodisce la villa e i frutti, gli schiavi e il bestiame.


[2] Nel comprare un cane si possono seguire tre criteri. Infatti c'è una varietà che si sceglie per difendersi dalle insidie degli uomini, e questa è adatta a custodire la villa e le adiacenze. Una seconda varietà e adatta ad opporsi non solo alle insidie degli uomini, ma anche a quelle degli animali feroci, e quindi custodisce la stalla e i greggi e gli armenti al pascolo. La terza varietà si tiene per la caccia, essa non solo non giova affatto all'agricoltore ma anzi lo distoglie e lo rende svogliato del suo lavoro.


[3] Dobbiamo dunque parlare del cane da cortile e di quello pastore, il cane da caccia non ha niente a che fare con l'agricoltura.

Per la villa bisogna scegliere un custode di corpo grande e grosso, di latrato risonante e acuto, primo perché atterrisca i malandrini facendosi sentire, e poi anche con lo spavento che incute la sua vista, e qualche volta senza neppure farsi vedere, mette in fuga chi tenta di rubare solo con il suo sordo mugolio.

Sia però di colore unito, il bianco è da preferirsi per il cane da pastore, in nero per quello da cortile, il mantello pezzato non è pregevole ne nel primo ne nel secondo tipo. Il pastore preferisce il bianco perché è molto diverso dal colore delle bestie selvatiche, e di questa diversità c'è grande bisogno quando si dà la caccia ai lupi, nella luce incerta del primo mattino o del crepuscolo, per non correre il pericolo di colpire il cane al posto della fiera.


[4] Ma il cane da cortile che si oppone ad incursioni di uomini, quando il ladro venga ne il giorno chiaro a certo un aspetto più terribile se è nero, di notte poi non si vede perché somiglia alle tenebre, e perciò, coperto da esse, il cane può avvicinarsi all'insidiatore con meno pericolo.

Si preferisce quadrato piuttosto che lungo e tozzo, con il capo tanto grande che sembri la maggior parte del corpo, con le orecchie abbassate e pendenti, con occhi neri o glauchi, lucenti di una luce fiera, con il petto ambio e peloso, spalle larghe, zampe tozze e irte, coda corta, spesse callosità, larghissime dita e unghioni alle zampe, che i greci chiamano artigli. Questa sarà la conformazione più pregevole in un cane da cortile.


[5] La sua indole non deve essere ne mitissima ne per contrario truce e crudele, il primo infatti blandirebbe anche un ladro mentre il secondo assale anche la gente di casa. E' sufficiente che sia duro, e non abbia nessuna carezzosità, in modo che qualche volta guardi male i suoi compagni di servitù, e sempre si infuri contro ogni estraneo. Sopratutto questi cani devono dimostranti vigilanti nel fare la guardia e non sbagliarsi facilmente, ma essere assidui e circospetti più tosto che temerari. Nel primo caso segnalano solo quello di cui hanno certezza, mentre nel secondo si eccitano per ogni vano rumore o falso sospetto.


[6] Ho creduto opportuno enumerare queste qualità, perchè non solo la natura, ma anche l'educazione forma l'indole, perciò quando avremmo la possibilità di comprare un cane, scegliamolo in base alle cose dette, e quando alleveremo i cagnolini nati in casa, formiamoli secondo questi criteri.


[7] Non ha molta importanza che i cani da cortile siano pesanti di corpo e poco veloci, essi devono lavorare da vicino e camminando, piuttosto che da lontano e slanciandosi a corsa. Stanno sempre intorno ai chiusi e nell'interno degli edifici, anzi non devono allontanarsene neppure poco e fanno a perfezione l'ufficio loro si avvertono acutamente l'odore di chi si avvicina e lo spaventano con il latrato e non gli permettono di avvicinarsi, o con somma costanza e con violenza assalgono chi tenta di farsi avanti. La prima cosa infatti è che il cane non si lasci attaccare, la seconda che, quando è provocato, si difenda con forza e con tenacia. E questo basta intorno ai guardiani della casa, veniamo ora al cane da pastore.

[8] Un cane pecoraio non deve essere ne tanto magro e veloce come quelli che inseguono i daini e i cervi e gli altri animali più veloci, ne tanto grosso e pesante come il guardiano della casa o del granaio,[9] ma robusto e al quanto violento e battagliero, dato che si tiene appunto perché lotti e combatta, deve anche saper correre, quando c'è da respingere le insidie del lupo e inseguire il rapitore nella sua fuga, fargli lasciar la preda e portarla via. Perciò in previsione di questi casi il meglio e che sia di corpo lungo e snello, piuttosto che corto o quadrato, purché ripeto si presenta ogni tanto la necessità di inseguire velocemente un animale selvatico. Quanto alle altre parti del corpo, si ritiene che siano buone quando assomigliano a quelle del cane da cortile.


[10] All'una e all'altra specie si devono dare all'incirca cibi dello stesso genere. Se i campi sono tanto vasti che possono nutrire greggi e armenti, farina d'orzo e siero sono il miglior sostentamento di tutti senza distinzione. Se invece il fondo è piantato a d'alberi e frutti e privo di pascolo, si possono nutrire con pane di farro bagnato nell'acqua in cui sono state cotte le fave, ma tiepida, calda fa venire la rabbia.

[11] Ne ai maschi ne alle femmine si deve permetter l'accoppiamento avanti l'anno, se si concede loro quando sono ancona teneri, consuma il corpo e le forze e degenera la loro indole. Bisogna portare via i nati alle cagnoline che partoriscono per la prima volta, perché queste principianti non possono nutrire bene i piccoli e l'allattamento nuoce al completo sviluppo del corpo. I maschi possono generare con forze giovanili fino ai dieci anni, [12]ma dopo questo tempo non si dimostrano più adatti a fecondare le femmine, perché la prole dei cani vecchi è sempre ignava. Le femmine sono adatte al concepimento fino ai nove anni e dopo il decimo non valgono più niente. Durante i primi sei mesi, finché abbiano preso forza, non bisogna mandar fuori i cagnolini se non vicino alla madre per giocare e scherzare. Dopo si devono legare alla catena durante il giorno e lasciar liberi la notte. Non lasciamo mai allattare da un'altra madre quelli di cui vogliamo conservare intatta la razza, perché sempre il latte e lo spirito materno nutre e sviluppa il corpo, ma anche il carattere.


[13] Se anche alla madre però manca il latte, più di ogni altro converrà dare ai piccoli latte di capra fino a quattro mesi. Bisogna chiamarli con nomi non troppo lunghi in modo che rispondano più in fretta alla chiamata, ma nello stesso tempo i nomi non devono essere più brevi di due sillabi. Vanno bene il nome greco Skylax, il latino Ferox, il greco Lakon, il latino Celer, eper una femmina i nomi greci Spondè, Alkè, Rome, o i latini Lupa, Cerva, Tgris.


[14] Dopo quaranta giorni dalla loro nascita converrà tagliare la coda dei cagnolini nel modo seguente: c'è un nervo che si snoda lungo gli articoli sella spina fino all'estremità, lo si afferra con i denti lo si tira fuori un poco e lo si spezza, con questa operazione la coda non acquista più una lunghezza sgraziata, e nello stesso tempo, come affermano molti pastori, si tiene lontano la rabbia, malattia pestifera e mortale per queste bestie.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


XII. THE DOG.


Of the herds, of all the animals and of the caretakers, by means of which human solicitude takes care in the closed or out of the flocks of quadrupeds, it seems to me that I am not mistaken for having sufficiently complete speech. Now as I promised in the previous book, I will speak of silent watchers,

although it is wrong to call the silent guardian dog.

What is the man who denounces so clearly how does the dog with the barking, or with the same volume of voice, the presence of a wild animal or a thief? Which servant is more attached to the master? Who is his most faithful companion? Where is a more incorruptible keeper? Which more vigilant sentry can you find? Which avenger is a more constant punisher? Therefore one can say that this is one of the first animals that the farmer has to buy and raise, because he guards the villa and the fruits, slaves and livestock.


[2] In buying a dog you can follow three criteria. In fact there is a variety that is chosen to defend against the pitfalls of men, and this is suitable for housing the villa and the adjacencies. A second variety is suitable to oppose not only the pitfalls of men, but also those of ferocious animals, and therefore guards the stable and the flocks and herds grazing. The third variety is held for hunting, it not only does not benefit the farmer at all but rather distracts him and makes him lazy of his work.


[3] We must therefore talk about the farmyard dog and that shepherd dog, the hunting dog has nothing to do with agriculture.

For the villa you have to choose a custodian of big and thick body, of resonant and acute barking, first because to land the marauders making themselves heard, and then also with the fear that inspires his sight, and sometimes without even being seen, he puts to flight who tries to steal only with his dull moan.

However, it is colored in color, white is to be preferred for the shepherd dog, in black for the courtyard dog, the dappled coat is not valuable in the first or in the second type. The shepherd prefers white because it is very different from the color of wild beasts, and this diversity is greatly needed when hunting for wolves, in the uncertain light of early morning or twilight, in order not to run the risk of hitting the dog instead of the fair.

But the courtyard dog who opposes the incursions of men, when the thief comes in the clear day to a certain aspect more terrible if it is black, then at night it is not seen because it resembles the darkness, and therefore, covered by them, the dog can approach the insidiator with less danger.

We prefer square rather than long and stocky, with the head so big that you look like most of the body, with the ears lowered and hanging, with black or glaucous eyes, shining with a proud light, with ample and hairy chest, wide shoulders , stubby and bristly legs, short tail, thick calluses, very large fingers and claws on the legs, which the Greeks call claws. This will be the most valuable conformation in a poultry dog.


[5] Its nature should not be very light and otherwise harsh and cruel, the former would in fact also blandire a thief while the second also assaults the people of the house. It is enough that he is hard, and has no caresses, so that sometimes he looks badly at his fellow servants, and always gets angry at every stranger. Above all these dogs must be vigilant demonstrators in guarding and not mistaken easily, but be assiduous and circumspect rather than reckless. In the first case they report only what they have certainty, while in the second they excite each room for noise or false suspicion.


[6] I thought it appropriate to enumerate these qualities, because not only nature, but also education forms the nature, so when we have the opportunity to buy a dog, choose it based on the things said, and when we will raise the dogs born in home, let's form them according to these criteria.


[7] It does not really matter that the farmyard dogs are heavy-bodied and not very fast, they have to work closely and walk, rather than from a distance and rushing to run. They are always around the closed and in the interior of the buildings, indeed they do not have to leave even a little and they make the office to perfection they are acutely aware of the smell of those who approach and frighten him with the bark and do not allow him to approach, or with total constancy and violence assail those who try to come forward. The first thing in fact is that the dog does not let itself be attacked, the second that, when it is provoked, defends itself with force and tenacity. And this is enough around the guardians of the house, let's now come to the sheepdog.

[8]
A shepherd dog should not be as thin and fast as those chasing the fallow deer and deer and the other animals faster, neither big nor heavy like the guardian of the house or the barn, [9] but robust and violent and fighting, since it is held precisely because it fights and fights, must also know how to run, when there is to repel the wiles of the wolf and chase the kidnapper in his flight, let him leave the prey and take it away. Therefore in anticipation of these cases the best is that it is long and slender body, rather than short or square, as long as I repeat there is occasionally the need to quickly chase a wild animal. As for the other parts of the body, it is believed to be good when they resemble those of the poultry dog.


[10] Both species must be given roughly similar foods to both species. If the fields are so vast that they can feed flocks and herds, barley flour and whey are the best sustenance of all without distinction. If instead the bottom is planted with trees and fruit and without grazing, you can feed with spelled bread soaked in water in which the beans have been cooked, but warm, warm makes you angry.

[11] Neither the males nor the females should be allowed to mate ahead of the year, if they are granted to them when they are an ancona tender, consume the body and the forces and degenerate their character. We must take away those born to the dogs that give birth for the first time, because these beginners can not feed the little ones well and breastfeeding is harmful to the complete development of the body. The males can generate with youthful forces up to the age of ten,

[12] but after this time they are no longer suited to fertilize the females, because the offspring of old dogs are always unaware. The females are suitable for conception up to nine years and after the tenth they are worth nothing more. During the first six months, as long as they have gained strength, you do not have to send the dogs out if not close to the mother to play and joke. Afterwards they must be tied to the chain during the day and leave the night free. We never let the mother of whom we want to keep the breed intact, because milk and the mother spirit always nurture and develop the body, but also the character.

[13] Even if the mother lacks the milk, more than any other will be able to give small goat's milk for up to four months. You have to call them with names that are not too long so that they answer the call more quickly, but at the same time the names must not be shorter than two syllables. The Greek name Skylax, the Latin Ferox, the Greek Lakon, the Latin Celer, and for a female the Greek names Spondè, Alkè, Rome, or the Latins Lupa, Cerva, Tgris.


[14] After forty days from their birth it will be possible to cut the tail of the dogs in the following way: there is a nerve that winds along the spine saddle up to the extremity, you grab it with your teeth you take it out a little and it is broken, with this operation the tail no longer acquires an ungainly length, and at the same time, as many shepherds say, one keeps away the anger, pestiferous and deadly disease for these beasts.


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